It would be likely that the filter plugged to the point that the engine suction tore it apart and ingested the dirt and debris or it just failed and allowed the dirt to enter the engine. The diesel engine manufacturers do not want you blowing out or trying to clean conventional filters for fear of getting dirt on the inside face and ingesting some of it into the engine. These engined are not overly tolerant to ingesting dirt.
For my money the Donaldson Endurance filter is probably one of the best made filters on the market. The filter technology was developed to hold the dirt above the main filter face so that air flow is maintained longer from a clogging point of view, they basically have more capacity to handle dirt. I believe that they are slightly more restrictive at a starting point then some of the conventional filter media but the filter design more than make up for that characteristic over the life of the filter. These filters are used in M1 tanks in desert conditions. Beyond the capacity to handle dirt without plugging they have excellent particle removal efficiency. There are graphs and literature describing the capability of these filters.
http://www.donaldson.com/en/engine/support/datalibrary/000165.pdfI noticed that K+N does not use the oil soak version in the large diesel model filter line. They say these are washable using degreasers and pressure washers or compressed air. I could not see any data referenced regarding particle removal efficiency. I am a sceptic when it comes to pressure washing an air filter or using a degreaser and compressed air......surprised they are telling you to do that. These engines are so expensive and the filters are relatively cheap. If the filter has a damaged area with a hidden hole or break in the media somewhere most of the airflow and dirt will follow that less restrictive path.
http://www.knfilters.com/hdfilters/heavy-duty-air-filters.htmMy perspective is if you know you will be traveling on dirt roads in Alaska consider the Donaldson Endurance filter, pay attention to the filter restriction guage, and carry a couple of spares. I run one of the Endurance filters, EAF5069 was the number for my Marquis. Ryder Fleet prices this filter at $53.30
The standard filter version is P527682 at $37.62, about $15 more. Given the extended life of the Endurance it is actually cheaper per mile to own.
The filter capacity is a function of the filter surface area. If you could unfold the pleats in the K+N vs the Donaldson Endurance there would be no comparison from what I saw. Check the photos out. There is more involved then just surface area regarding restriction and filter capacity but it would make sense from a design point of view to maximize the surface area as a starting point. My vote would be the Donaldson Endurance until something better is out there...just one opinion.
Later Ed